Substance class
Sonstiges
13 entries
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Epithalon
Epithalamin
Epithalon is a synthetic tetrapeptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) isolated by Vladimir Khavinson at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology from the pineal gland. In laboratory studies, epithalon has been described as able to increase telomerase activity in human somatic cells and to lengthen telomeres. Telomerase is an enzyme that can slow the shortening of telomeric DNA sequences during cell division. In cell and animal models, interactions with melatonin synthesis and hypothalamic-pituitary regulatory axes have also been described. The molecular target structures in humans have not been conclusively identified.
MOTS-c
Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c
MOTS-c is a 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in the mitochondrial genome — one of few known peptides of mitochondrial origin. It is transcribed and translated from the 12S ribosomal RNA gene. In preclinical studies, MOTS-c has been described as circulating in cells and in the blood, able to translocate to the cell nucleus and there modulate gene expression programmes that regulate metabolic adaptation. A postulated mechanism is activation of the AMPK signalling pathway (AMP-activated protein kinase) — a central regulator of energy metabolism. Blood MOTS-c levels decline with age, which has generated interest for longevity research.
AOD-9604
Advanced Obesity Drug 9604
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment corresponding to the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH, amino acids 177–191). In preclinical studies, this fragment was described as mediating lipolytic (fat-degrading) effects in adipocytes without triggering the anabolic or growth-promoting effects of the full GH molecule. A postulated mechanism of action involves interactions with beta-3 adrenergic receptors on fat cells. GH receptor binding and IGF-1 stimulation are absent because the GH-binding domain is missing.
Semax
MEHFPGP
Semax is a synthetic heptapeptide developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is structurally derived from the ACTH(4-7) sequence (Met-Glu-His-Phe) with an additional Pro-Gly-Pro sequence that increases enzymatic stability. In preclinical studies, interactions with the melanocortin system (MC4R), BDNF expression and the dopaminergic system have been described. Administered intranasally, Semax crosses the blood-brain barrier in animal models. Postulated effects include modulation of learning and memory processes and neuroprotective properties.
Selank
TP-7
Selank is a synthetic heptapeptide, likewise developed at the Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It is based on the sequence of the endogenous immunomodulator tuftsin (Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg) with a C-terminal Pro-Gly-Pro extension for enzymatic stabilisation. In preclinical studies, anxiolytic effects without sedative properties have been described — compared with benzodiazepines, no GABA-A modulatory mechanism was demonstrated. Possible mechanisms discussed include modulation of the serotonergic system, inhibition of enkephalin degradation, and immunomodulatory effects via tuftsin receptors.
Erythropoetin (EPO)
Erythropoetin
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycosylated protein hormone (165 amino acids) produced predominantly in the kidney. It binds to the EPO receptor on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and stimulates their survival, division and maturation into red blood cells. This increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Recombinant EPO (epoetin) mimics this physiological action.
ARA 290 (Cibinetid)
ARA 290
ARA 290 (cibinetide) is a short peptide derived from helix B of erythropoietin (EPO). It binds to the so-called innate repair receptor (a complex of the EPO receptor and the β-common receptor subunit) without having the erythropoietic (blood-forming) action of EPO. Tissue-protective and inflammation-modulating effects have been described. The focus is on neuropathic and inflammatory conditions.
ACE-031
ACE-031
ACE-031 is a soluble decoy receptor: a fusion protein of the extracellular domain of activin receptor type IIB (ActRIIB) and an antibody Fc portion. It binds myostatin and related ligands before they can dock onto their cellular receptor, thereby removing their growth-inhibiting effect on muscle. An increase in muscle mass has consequently been described in studies. ACE-031 is not a classic peptide but a recombinant fusion protein.
Adipotide
Adipotide
Adipotide is a peptidomimetic made of two functional parts: a targeting segment that binds prohibitin on the surface of the blood vessels of white adipose tissue, and a pro-apoptotic segment (D(KLAKLAK)₂). After binding it is intended to selectively trigger apoptosis of these vascular cells and thereby cut off the blood supply to the fat tissue. In animal models this led to a reduction in fat mass. The approach differs fundamentally from appetite- or metabolism-modulating peptides.
SNAP-8
SNAP-8
SNAP-8 is a cosmetic octapeptide used as a topical ingredient in anti-wrinkle products. It is derived from a segment of the SNAP-25 protein and is intended — by analogy to the mechanism of botulinum toxin, but much more weakly — to influence the formation of the SNARE complex and thus the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. The goal is reduced muscle contraction of expression lines. Evidence stems largely from manufacturers; independent data are limited.
Adalank
Adalank
Adalank is a chemically modified variant of the heptapeptide Selank, with an acetylated N-terminus and an amidated C-terminus. These modifications are intended to improve stability against enzymatic degradation and the pharmacokinetics relative to the parent peptide. Its assumed mechanism corresponds to that of Selank (tuftsin-derived, discussed as anxiolytic without a classic GABA-A mechanism). However, there is no independent evidence of efficacy for the modified form itself.
B7-33
B7-33
B7-33 is a single-chain, simplified mimetic of the hormone relaxin-2. Unlike natural two-chain relaxin it is more readily accessible synthetically and is said to act functionally selectively at the relaxin receptor RXFP1: primarily via anti-fibrotic (anti-scarring) signalling, with weaker activation of other cascades. It is investigated in preclinical models of organ fibrosis and cardiac injury. It is not an approved medicine.
FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI
FOXO4-DRI is a synthetic D-retro-inverso peptide (mirror-image design for higher stability) that disrupts the interaction between the transcription factor FOXO4 and the tumour suppressor p53. In senescent ("aged") cells this interaction retains p53 in the nucleus and prevents their self-destruction. By disrupting it, p53 is intended to be released and selectively trigger apoptosis of senescent cells (a senolytic approach). Healthy cells are intended to be largely spared.