Substance class
Mitochondriales Peptid
2 entries
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SS-31
Elamipretide
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic, cell-permeable tetrapeptide (D-Arg-2′6′-dimethyltyrosine-Lys-Phe-NH₂). It accumulates selectively in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where it binds cardiolipin — a phospholipid found exclusively in mitochondria that stabilises cristae structure and the function of the respiratory chain. Through cardiolipin binding, SS-31 reduces oxidative stress, stabilises the electron transport chain (complexes I–IV), increases ATP production and prevents the release of cytochrome c (an apoptotic signal). This mechanism is independent of cell type and disease context — which explains its broad application spectrum in research.
Humanin
Humanin
Humanin is a short, mitochondrially encoded peptide (mitochondrial-derived peptide, MDP) originating from a reading-frame region of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA. It is credited with cytoprotective and anti-apoptotic properties, partly via interactions with receptor complexes and Bcl-2-associated signalling. In preclinical models humanin has been investigated in the context of neuronal protection, insulin sensitivity and aging processes. The synthetic analog HNG shows enhanced activity.